Poverty As a Challenge | NCERT class 9th Economics | Chapter 4 | Free Downlaod PDF | Notes | by krishna Mohan  Poverty has been one the biggest challenges of India since its independence. However, poverty ration has declined, but number of  poor remained high. This chapter deals about poverty and its different aspects, causes, and way forward.  The entire chapter has been divided into a number of topics and sub-topics. To make it more interesting, we have added some updated data and facts with genuine sources and lastly some practice questions of MCQs and descriptive might helpful. Topics to be covered. 1. Introduction Multi-dimensional problem. Poverty line. 2. Two typical cases of poverty.       Urban case - Ram Saran      Rural case - Lakha Singh. 3. Poverty as seen by social scientist. income and consumption. other social indicators like - illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare,...