Poverty As a Challenge | NCERT class 9th Economics | Chapter 4 | Free Downlaod PDF | Notes | by krishna Mohan 

Poverty has been one the biggest challenges of India since its independence. However, poverty ration has declined, but number of  poor remained high. This chapter deals about poverty and its different aspects, causes, and way forward. 

The entire chapter has been divided into a number of topics and sub-topics. To make it more interesting, we have added some updated data and facts with genuine sources and lastly some practice questions of MCQs and descriptive might helpful.

Topics to be covered.

1. Introduction

Multi-dimensional problem.

Poverty line.

2. Two typical cases of poverty. 
    Urban case - Ram Saran
    Rural case - Lakha Singh.

3. Poverty as seen by social scientist.

income and consumption.

other social indicators like - illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities , lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation. 

4. Social exclusion.

It is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy.

5. Vulnerability.

the greater probability of certain communities or inidviduals of becoming, or remaining , poor in the coming years.

6. Poverty Line

It is an imaginary line. 

A common method used to measure poverty is based on the income or consumption levels.

Poverty is measured in India.- minimum level of food consumption, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, education and medical.

calorie consumption in both rural and urban areas, income in both rural and urban areas.

Poverty is measured in develop nations. - Calorie requirement, high per capita income, high standard of living, higher level of basic essentials than developing nations.

About NSSO , World Bank parameter. 

7. Poverty Estimates

Poverty trends from 1993-94 to 2011-12.

8. Vulnerable Groups

The proportion of people below poverty line is also not same for all social groups and economic categories in India. 

- Social vulnerable groups. - SC / ST

- Economic vulnerable groups. - Rural agricultural labourer , urban casual labourers.

- Although the average for people below poverty line for all groups in India is 22,43,out of 100 people belonging to Scheduled Tribes are not able to meet their basic needs.

9. Story of  Sivaraman.

10. Inter - state Disparities.

The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state. 

- Recent estimates show while the all India-Head Count Ratio (HCR) was 21.9 per centin 2011-12 states like Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha had above all India poverty level.

11. Global Poverty Scenario. 

$1.90.

- poverty has fallen from 36 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2015.

- South - East Asia and China - Poverty declined due to economic growth and massive investment.

China - 88% - 1981

            14% - 2008

            1.9 % - 2013

12. Causes of Poverty. 

1. British colonial administration.

2. high growth of population.

3. Irregular small incomes.

4. huge income inequalities.

5. lack of land resoures.

6. Other socio-cultural obligations.

13. Anti- Poverty Measures.

1. Promotion of economic growth.

2. Targeted schemes for specific groups. - MNREGA, PMRY- 1993, REGP- 1995, SGSY- 1999, PMGY-2000, AAY- 2000.

14. The Challenges Ahead.