The making of a global world | class 10 NCERT HISTORY

 The making of a Global World.

This chapter is based on Globalization.

• The movement of people , goods and services across the nations is known as globalization. 
• when we interlink markets of one country with other countries market, is called globalization.
• The term `globalisation` is not a new phenomenon. In the early stage people established sea routes in order to movements of goods and services. They might have passion of adventure, trading, disseminating religions, joining armies, etc.
• eg: Vosko Da Gama discovered India; Columbus discovered America. ; Silk route served as trading route connecting western China with rest of the world established in christian era.
• Globalisation and Industrialisation has brought a big change to human society.

Topics to be covered.

1. Introduction

2. The Pre-Modern World.

3. The 19th century.

4. The Inter-War Economy.

5. Rebuilding a world Economy.

The Pre-Modern World.

i. Silk Route.

ii. Food travel

iii. Diseases

Silk route: it was an ancient network of trade route. It served between 114 BC - 1450 AD. It linked many Asian regions with Northern Africa and Europe. The route was not only for trade , but helped in transfer of ideas, culture, traditions, foods etc.

Food travel: many food items reached our country through travellers and traders. eg: 500 years ago , potato was not existed in India. | Noodles from China | pasta from Arab countries.

facts: 

Ireland's population was dependent on potatoes.

A disease destroyed the crop.

Thousands died due to starvation.

Disease : From 15th to 17th century, Europeans explored the world through ocans serching for trade partners.

Because the muslim dominated regions Ottaman empire led by Turkey had enimity with christian of European. So it blocked the passage of road routes. Therefore an alternative routes was felt to discover, and sea route is discovered.

The Portuguese and Spain were the dominating nations.

The nations had a strong army and firearms.

They also use germs and viruses for conquering parts of America. eg: small pox.

 

The 19th Century: 

changes took place in 19th century due to globalisation.

The world changed profoundly in the 19th century.

changing in society, politics, economy, traditions, technology, etc.

Three flows  

1. flow of goods :  cotton products were grown in England and exported them in Indian markets.

2. flow of capital:  rich people of America started investing their money in other countries.

3. flow of labour : Around 5 crore people of Europe left Europe in search of works and they moved Australia and America.

due to these three flows, society transformed.

Impact of Trade 

case of Britain:

Britain brought Corn laws, banned foreign foods in Britain.

After implementing of Corn laws: i) production high ii) demand of food high iii) prices of food high

After abolition of Corn laws: i) Population high ii) consumption of food high iii) Development high

Trade helps in the development of a nation by many ways : construction of ships, railways, docks, stations will be formed and this demand huge laborers, capital and food will flow etc.

Role of Technology  

Technology plays an important role in all these development. 

case of Europe:

America exported meat to Europe in 1870s.

America exported live animals to Europe, many died during travelling , weight loss or fall ill.

Refrigerated ships invented to overcome the problems.

Now, meat is formed from the live animals, exported to Europe from America, in the frozen form through the Refrigerated ships. 

Clonialism : 

It is the control of an advanced and strong nation over a weak and backward nation.

colonies loose their political freedom . 

it suffers from painful social and economic changes.

case of Africa: 

European came Africa for trade but later it started controlling Africa.

Due to less population, and large lands, Africans were self-sufficient.

Animal rearing was their main occupation. 

They did not agree to work as a labourers.

The time Europeans spread Rinderpest diseases.

It caused death of 90% animals.

Africans, now had no options, they started working as African laborers under European rules.

They started working as African laborers laborers under European rules. 

Indentured labour 

A bonded labourer who works under a employer for a specific time, in a new country or home is called Indentured labour.

In 19th century, this system was defined as 'new system of slavery'.

The Inter-War Economy

the first world war started in 1914.

it lasted for more than four years.

the war was fought in between Allies power and Central power.

Allies power : Britain, France, Russia, and USA

Central power : Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Ottaman Empire.

• World war I was very different from other wars.
• saw the use of machine guns, tanks and chemical weapons.
• around 90 lakhs died and around 2 crore injured.
• allied won the war.
• USA become international creditor from international debtor.

After the War.

• Post war economic recovery proved to be very difficult.
• British nations had to repay the loan taken during war.

during the war 

i. Demand ↑

ii. Production ↑

iii. Employment ↑

after the war 

i. Demand ↓

ii. Production ↓

iii. Employment ↓

eg: Wheat Production.

- Wheat Producers of the Eastern world supplied wheat to the world before the war.

- But during the war , demand of Industrial goods was high , therefore production of agricultural produces decreased.

- But USA, Canada took the advantage, they increased production of both industrial goods and agricultural goods.

- Eastern Europe recovered its production after the war. A number of producers came , that results in overproduction and all producers faced losses.

impact on USA economy

- USA economy increased.

- Mass production played a crucial role.

eg: Ford Motor of Henry Ford.

He introduced Assembly Line System.

- The decision of doubling the wages and increasing the production was called the Best Cost Cutting Decision.

Economic Depression 1929.

- Prices of agricultural and industrial goods fell.

- Unemployment increased.

reasons 

i. Over Production of Agricultural products.

ii. Shortage of Loans.

- Many banks collapsed in USA.

- Number of buyers in markets declined.

- India's imports and exports nearly halved.

- The unrest created by the depression, gave Indians a chance to rise against Britishers.

Rebuilding a world Economy 

In this topic, we shall discuss on the WWII

• it was broke out in 1939.
• more destructive than WWI
• the war was fought between Axis power and Allies power.
• Axis power - Japan, Germany, Italy
• Allies power - Russia, Britain, France, USA.

The war is also known as Total War. 

- It was fought on land, air and water.

- Many big cities were reduced to ashes.

- More than 6 crore people dies and many got injuried.

- Trade, agriculture and commerce were hardly hit.

- USA used atomic bombs to destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

-This resulted to death for humans, animals and ecology.

- Allies won the war.

- WWII made USA the Supreme Power of the World.

- What could be leart from the two wars.

1. Importance of full employment.

2. Importance of intervention of government in markets.

- mass production of any Industrial Society is necessary for mass consumption.

- for mass consumption

            -  people must have stable income.

            - full employment.

- Government intervention in any markets, is essential to prevent price fluctuations of goods, and maintains economic stability.

Bretton Woods.

- The Bretton Woods conference took place in 1944 at New Hamspire USA.

- International Monetory Fund (IMF) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) came into existence.

- These institutes were based on Fixed Exchange Rate.

Fixed Exchange Rates - Current value is fixed.

followed by Bretton Woods institutions.

Floating Exchange Rates - Currency value changes everyday.

- Followed today.

- The dollar value is changed depends upon demands and supplies.

- It gave big boost to world trade.

- it controlled unemployment.

- It helpes in spread of technology.

- most of the Asian and African colonies emerged as free.

- They suffered from poverty.

- After 1970, Bretton Woods Institutions were abolished.

- Floating Exchange Rates were introduced.