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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe | NCERT CLASS 10 | HISTORY | FREE DOWNLOAD | PDF NOTES

 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe | NCERT CLASS 10 | HISTORY | FREE DOWNLOAD | PDF NOTES.


Nationalism : Patriotic feelings.

A feeling of oneness.

A love towards own's country.

topics to be covered :

  1. introduction
  2. the french revolution
  3. the making of nationalism in Europe
  4. the age of revolutions (1830- 1848)
  5. unification of Germany, Italy and the strange case of Britain
  6. Visualising the Nation.
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, visualized his dream of a world made up of  "democratic and social Republic".
- this was an Utopian vision (not real).
- In 1848, many countries had no independence but they all had some kind of hopes to liberate their nations from absolutist.
- During the 19th century , nationalism emerged as a force which changed the political and mental world of Europe.
eg : modern state ; nation state.
modern state : a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.
nation state :  a state which has common history, common culture, common anthem, songs, language  and identity.


The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation.


- The political and constitutional changes in the wake of French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of Frech Citizens.

-  French Revolution creates a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

  1. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen( the citizen).
  2. the new French flag tricolor was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
  3. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
  4. New hymns were composed, martyrs commemorated 
  5. The centralised administrative system, uniform laws for all citixens.
  6. internal customs duties and dues were abolished 
  7. uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
  8. Regional dialects were discouraged 

Napoleonic Code 1804 

- destroy democracy.
-  did away with all privileges based on birth.
- established euality before the law and secured the right to property.
- simplified administration divisions
- abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
- guild restrictions were removed.
- transport and communication system were improved.

Drawback of the Napoleonic code 

- forced recruitment
- increased taxes.

 2. The making of Nationalism in Europe. 

The Europe was divided into number of states, kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
- Eastern and Central Europe under autocratic monarchies have diverse people.
- Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
- The Habsburg Empire( Austria- Hungary)
- such diverse did not easily promote a sense of political unity.

2.1 The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class. 

- Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. And the members of these class were united by a common way of life. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
The powerful aristocrats were numerically a small group.

The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.

Western Europe - the land was farmed by tenants and small owners.
Eastern Europe and Central Europe - land hold by vast estates and were cultivated by serfs.

Western and Parts of Central Europe - Commercial Class.

- Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working class population. And Middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
- It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
- The New Middle Class demanded liberal nationalism.

Liberal Nationalism.

- Individual freedom.
- equality before the law.
- Government by consent
- Freedom of markets.


Zollverein  : a custom union was formed in 1834, with the help of Prussia. They abolished tariff barriers . They abolished 28 currencies out of 30.

- During Napoleonic rule, only men with property were allowed to vote.

Conservatism : 
- 








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