The Rise of Nationalism in Europe | NCERT CLASS 10 | HISTORY | FREE DOWNLOAD | PDF NOTES.
Nationalism : Patriotic feelings.
A feeling of oneness.
A love towards own's country.
topics to be covered :
- introduction
- the french revolution
- the making of nationalism in Europe
- the age of revolutions (1830- 1848)
- unification of Germany, Italy and the strange case of Britain
- Visualising the Nation.
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, visualized his dream of a world made up of "democratic and social Republic".
- this was an Utopian vision (not real).
- In 1848, many countries had no independence but they all had some kind of hopes to liberate their nations from absolutist.
- During the 19th century , nationalism emerged as a force which changed the political and mental world of Europe.
eg : modern state ; nation state.
modern state : a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.
nation state : a state which has common history, common culture, common anthem, songs, language and identity.
The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation.
- The political and constitutional changes in the wake of French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of Frech Citizens.
- French Revolution creates a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
- The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen( the citizen).
- the new French flag tricolor was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
- The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
- New hymns were composed, martyrs commemorated
- The centralised administrative system, uniform laws for all citixens.
- internal customs duties and dues were abolished
- uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
- Regional dialects were discouraged
- destroy democracy.
- did away with all privileges based on birth.
- established euality before the law and secured the right to property.
- simplified administration divisions
- abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
- guild restrictions were removed.
- transport and communication system were improved.
Drawback of the Napoleonic code
- forced recruitment
- increased taxes.
2. The making of Nationalism in Europe.
The Europe was divided into number of states, kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
- Eastern and Central Europe under autocratic monarchies have diverse people.
- Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
- The Habsburg Empire( Austria- Hungary)
- such diverse did not easily promote a sense of political unity.
2.1 The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class.
- Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. And the members of these class were united by a common way of life. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
The powerful aristocrats were numerically a small group.
The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
Western Europe - the land was farmed by tenants and small owners.
Eastern Europe and Central Europe - land hold by vast estates and were cultivated by serfs.
Western and Parts of Central Europe - Commercial Class.
- Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century. In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working class population. And Middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
- It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
- The New Middle Class demanded liberal nationalism.
Liberal Nationalism.
- Individual freedom.
- equality before the law.
- Government by consent
- Freedom of markets.
Zollverein : a custom union was formed in 1834, with the help of Prussia. They abolished tariff barriers . They abolished 28 currencies out of 30.
- During Napoleonic rule, only men with property were allowed to vote.
Conservatism :
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