National voters day is celebrated on 25th of January every year. This year it has taken a theme "making elections inclusive, accessible and participative" and this day pays great tribute to each and every voter of the country and highlights the immense value of everyone's votes. In many parts of the world the right to vote was achieved after a long struggle. In India, the right to vote was granted to all adult citizens at the same time when India won her freedom. There are various reforms made by the election commission of India. It offers to apply for registration four times in a year. Earlier only on 1st of January was fixed for applying for registration. 1st january,1st April,1st July and 1st October are the dates fixed for applying for registration. Linking voters' Id Card with Aadhar is another successful story of the election commission of India. Senior citizens above eighty years can cast their votes through posts. Diviyang jan and COVID patients ar...

Chief election commissioner Sushil Chandra announced the poll dates for the five States and phases. In Uttar Pradesh, nomination starts for the first phase from February 10. The election fever of Manipur is taking place into two phases, 38 seats for the first and 22  remaining in the second, all starts from March 10. The chief State election commission has taken all necessary arrangements to the poll bound state Manipur. BJP is one of the prominent party targetting forty Plus seats. Some sitting MLA's also joined the BJP. The Congress is being the rival party in the state. There are mainly two issues upon people are seen more inclined towards BJP. First is maintaining the law and order situation and the other is progress in the development. Manipur witness many changes took place during the last five years has reached the expectations of the people and law and order has improved,so the BJP has been echoing these two facts in most of their election rallies. Goa with 40 seats, this t...

Finding out about craft production: Chanhudaro : little settlement less than 7 hectare. Exclusively devoted to craft production including bead -making, shell- cutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making. First excavated by NG Majumdar in 1931, is the only Harappan city which does not have a fortified citadel. Materials used in making beds  stones: carnelian(red-color stone), Jasper stone, crystal stone, quartz Stone, steatite/soap stone( very soft).  metals: copper bronze gold  others: shell, faience(glazed ceramic beads), Terracotta (baked earth/ earthenware.). Some beads were made of two or more stones, cemented together. They are of different shapes- disc shaped ,cylindrical shaped, barrel shaped ,segmented  incised or painted on them. Techniques of making Beads   Steatite (soft stone). Some beads were moulded out of a paste made with steatite powder.  red color of Carnelian was obtained by firing the yellowish raw material.  specialized ...

  Zero budget natural farming which would not just conserve soil fertility and water but also reduce cost of farming leading to increase farmers income is currently being practiced in 11 States. Instead of chemical fertilizers the ZBNF farmers use 'JEEVAMRUTHA'- a mixture of cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour and water-  so that the fermented microbial culture can add nutrients to the soil. It is now time for India to make a paradigm shift for making its agriculture more environmentally sustainable while at the same time ensuring a sustained increase in farmer's income. With significantly lower cost of inputs due to zero chemical inputs and consistently better prices for their higher quality products. Farmer's net incomes increase even in the initial phase of adopting natural farming this has been the experience of nearly 30 lakh famous who have already adopted the practice across 11 states in India. Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh are currently t...

e-waste and it's management. E-waste and management|way forward Electrical and electronic equipment have become an essential part of our everyday life. Its availability and widespread use has enabled much of the global population to benefit from a higher standard of living.  However the way we produce, consume and dispose of e waste is unsustainable. e waste contain savere toxic hazardous substances such as Mercury, brominated flame, CFC, hcfc.  The increasing level of low collection rate and non environmentally sound disposal and treatment of e-waste pose a significant risk on the environment as well as on humans.  Proper management of e-waste also contributes to global warming according to the global e waste monitor 2020 report.  In 2019, 53.6 million metric tons of e waste was generated globally. Global per capita e-waste was 7.3 kg in 2019. Asia generated the highest quantity of 24.9 million metric ton e-waste.  E-waste in Europe was highest at 16.2 ...

   India celebrates its Navy Day on 4th of December every year since 1971. The year was very remarkable because a war was broke out between India and Pakistan and to suppress the war , India launched the operation Trident. The theme of this year is "Swarnim Vijay Varsh". This day is observed to commerate the attack and to accomplish the role of the Naval force every year. It is celebrated to acknowledge the role and achievements of the Indian Navy and also raises a awareness about the Indian Navy among the general public. India, which has the North part is very vulnerable in security point of view, where the dual forces of China and Pakistan pose challenges before a sovereign country India. India's newly appointed Naval chief Admiral R. Hari Kumar has a number of challenges before him, procuring warships, submarines are the most to combat both China and Pakistan, where the former continues to expand it's military footprints in the countries ranging from Combodia, Maya...

Mahamoglan was the chief disciple of Lord Gautam Buddha. Lord Buddha was also an admirer of Mahamoglan and he also gave the title of "Dhamma Senapati" to Mahamoglan. Mahamoglan's contribution in spreading the teachings of Lord Buddha has been unique and inspiring. On the holy occasion of Maha Moylan's Mahaparinirvana Day "Agrahayan Amavasya" on Mahamoglan's day, we remember the virtue of the peace messenger Mahamoglan.

  MohenjoDaro is a planned urban centre. The development of urban centres was the most unique feature of the Harappan civilization. First site is Harappan.  the cities were divided into two or more parts.  The part of the west was smaller but higher called the citadel.  The part of the east was larger but lower; this is called a lower town.  Both the citadel and lower town were walled. 3.1 Laying out drains. Covered drains laid out in straight lines had a gentle slope , drains in houses were connected to those on the streets and smaller drains  led into bigger ones. inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them. Drains and Streets were laid out first and then houses built. bricks Sun dried baked where of a standardized ratio. 3.2 Domestic architecture Lower town- residential buildings. Courtyard, was probably the centre of activities such as cooking and weaving.  no windows in the walls  its own bathroom, Wells, Mohenjo Daro had about ...

The date to observe international day for the elimination of violence against women set by UNGA in 1993. It is gender based violence that results in physical sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats, etc . Rights activist have observed 25th November as a day against gender based violence since 1981 this date was selected to honour the Mirabelle sisters, 3 political activists from the Dominican republic who were brutally murdered in 1960 by the order of the country's ruler. To date, only two out of three countries have outlawed domestic violence, while 37 countries worldwide still exempt rape perpetrators from prosecution if they are married to or eventually marry the victim and 49 countries currently have no laws protecting women from domestic violence. According to NCRB, National crime report bureau , functions under Home ministry of India , the total 371503 cases against women were reported across the country in comparison to 405325 in 2019...

 A teacher is a person who shapes the future of the students, makes them eligible so that they can live their lives with certain goals. The job of a teacher doesn't mean to earn money and make themselves wealthy instead makes his pupils eligible so that they can earn money. If a teacher can teach his students how to earn money, obviously he could make huge wealth for himself, but the teacher doesn't accept it. When I was at 22 years old, i meet a person who changed my life by promising more than 50k would be earned easily once you spend 1-2 years patiently in doing this course. And even more than 50k i earn today although I don't have government job.  A teacher, really has a unique style and his students follow his path and styles at the beginning of his teaching career. Only his teaching styles keep the newborn teacher confident and reliable.  Generally a teacher stick with his principles and don't try to compromise with it. His originality and style statement of his m...

Chhath Puja also known as Dala chhath or mahaparv is a four day long festival mainly celebrated in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and jarkhand. It starts on the 6th day of Karthik after Diwali. It is performed to pay obeisance to the Sun. The devotees pray for prosperity, happiness and longitivity of their near and dear ones.  The festivities begin with Nahai Khai when devotees prepare traditional food after a dip in the holy water, followed by kharna on the second days.On the last two days people Araghya or prayers to the Sun god.  The chhath Prasad is prepared under immense supervision.The Chhath Prasad consists of thekua, khir, sweets, sugarcane,  banana, orange, Apple, sweet lime. The food prepared for the fasting devotees is cooked without salt and onion.  This year around 20,000 security personnel including Central armed police force have been deployed at various locations across the state to avoid any untoward incident during chhath festivities. ...

  Where women are honoured, divinity blossoms there, and where ever women are dishonoured, all action no matter how noble it may be remains unfruitful. Women had been a significant role in the early period. Trace to history Sulaiman and kirthar hills ,where both men and women cultivated the lands, grew crops and reared animals. In Rigvedic period the role of women increased even many women scholars had given contribution in composing Rig Veda "Apalah , sacchi, palmi, kakshavriti have been a significant role in the Rigveda. But the status of women started decreasing since Vedic period from 1000 BC . And their status continue deteriorated  In the "mahajanapadas period"(600- 321 BC) number of religions ,belief systems developed. Of them Buddhism and Jainism were important which offered womens to take participate in the Sangha pariwar and  also in the "kutagarasala" a place where two scholars with their students debated on any topic. Razia Sultan, the d...

Juba Sahni, a freedom fighter hailed from Muzaffarpur district of Bihar, had a significant role in the quit India movement 1942. He and his family joined the march moment started from Ganjbazar which was destined to Minapur.  On 16th  August 1942 , Sahni and his followers were halted by the Minapur police incharge "Waller" , the later fired upon them , one of the bullet shoot "Bagur Sahni", his brother, succumbed to death. The aggravated mob started searching "Waller". He was brought in the police station and he was bent in the chair and left to fire.  Following the incident, Britishers opened search operations arrested more than 100 people. Jubba showing the "Gandhian path" appeared before the court then he was arrested and the prosecution started in the court.  Meanwhile ,the Britishers offered Jubba to take other names in this case but he refused to do so and took the entire incident on his head. The British had arrested more than1...

Patna Kalam painting or British-Persian- Indian fusion of culture or company paintings developed during 18th to 20th century its centres are Patna, Ara, Danapur. Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor discouraged Hindu court poets and artists, did not patronised the artists who had been working for the Mughals since its formation.  Artists, therefore, divided into a number of groups and went to other parts of the Indian subcontinent, a group came in the eastern India setup it's facility and install institution at Murshidabad, later it was shifted to Patna. Patna school of paintings is the fusion of Mughal art- British art and Persian styles of art in the form of Indian styles of paintings.  Patna Kalam was deeply influenced by daily life of common people , the main subjects were bazar scenes, local rulers, local festivals and ceremonies the painters of the Patna Kalam usually used the colours indigenously from plants barks flowers and metals, generally they pain...

 The word terrorism has no definition. few countries have understood that terrorism works as a tool for them reaping benifits, showing valour in the world and keep in limelight,which helps them to become pseudo powers. Number of times India, the worst victim of terrorism emanating from cross border, voiced at the international forum about terrorism, but its voice had been turned down. Before 9/11, there was also an incident happened called Kandhar flight hijack in 1999 in which the most wanted terrorist was released. The most dreaded terrorist attack was on our parliament in 2001, valoured Indian cops saved the parliament and the members and retaliated by shooting them down all. This attack mounted pressure on pakistan and it called upon its army from Afghanistan and deputed on the border of India for 6 months. But after the 9/11 the US government begins understanding the ramifications of terrorism hence using shuttle diplomacy, he brought both Pakistan and India and in this peace ...