How does archaeology help us in understanding the past? Archaeology is the study of the material remains of the past. This enables us to systematically dig the successive layers of the old mounds and to form an idea of the material life of the people on the basis of remains found there. It helps us to study prehistory, the history which has no evidence of written records. It tells us about the pasts, means what kind of houses the early people lived, what kind of foods the early people ate, what kind of clothes the early people wore, type of games they played and the source of entertainment they enjoyed.  The archaeological sources are pots and pottery, tools, weapons, paintings, toys, crafts, bricks etc. Excavations of burial sites called megaliths. Megaliths are the sites where dead bodies were buried. From the burial sites it has been discovered about the socio-economic status of the people.Some burials have large number of pots with ornaments suggests the rich family while...

 Queston 2: Write five sentences on coins as a source material for reconstructing history. The study of coins is called numismatics. It includes variety of coins made out of different metals such as copper, silver, gold and lead etc. It shows visual elements and helps us to know about the metallurgical analysis.. Ancient coins were generally minted in metals such as copper, silver, gold and lead. The earliest coins contained certain symbols, called punch-marked coins. The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by the Indo-Greeks. The first gold coins were issued by Kushanas in the first century AD. Some of the most spectacular gold coins were issued by the Gupta rulers. Coins provide useful information regarding economic history as they were used as a medium of exchange. Some trade Guilds also issued coins with the permission of the rulers. This shows the influence of Crafts and Commerce. Coins also potray kings and gods, and contain religious symbols, all o...

 question: 1. Write a short not on secular literature of Ancient India? This category of literature does not have religion as its theme. To this class belongs to Dharmashastra or law books which prescribe the duties for different social groups. The earliest law book was Manusmriti, this book was written during Pushyamitra Sunga of Sunga dynasty. It was the first book translated by the British to codify the Hindu law. Ashtadhyayi of Panini was the first grammar book prepared around 700 BC. This is also helpful in historical reconstuction. Indica of Megasthenese and Arthashastra of Chanakya give a detailed accounts of politics of the Indian subcontinent. Mudrarakshak of Vishakhadatt also describes about the Mauryan empire. The works of Kalidas who worked in the Gupta period composed poems and dramas- Abhijanashakuntalam, Ritusamhara and Meghadutam. These provide us with the glimpses of social and cultural life of the Guptas. For the history of kashmir, we have an important book calle...

Google offers you to write your views in your own ways. All we are doing some works in life. you may have expertise in your fields. If you want to share your experience with others then there is no problems.  Google does not allow us to use wrong way while writing contents like- copy paste, stealing data these are plagiarism and totally against the copy right law . Google reserves rights whether to admit your contents or not. If any person failed to abide with the law, then it amounts to blocking your blog account. Here  is some important tips must use while writing blogs. 1. Always write original contents in your blog. 2. Try to do something new or same thing in a new way. 3. proper use grammar and spelling. 4. keep patience all the time because blogging needs patience. 5. keep reading books.   thank you for reading... 

The revolt of 1857 did not break out immediately but it was a simmering discontent running in the minds of every sections of the society. The Revolt 1857 witnesses the evolution of nationalism in India. Nationalism emerged from the French revolution. Almost every groups like kings, queens, farmers, peasants, landlords, landless, craftsmen, artisans, Indian sepoys and even tribals were hardly hit by the harsh laws. It was the first time when people of all sections joined the movement and stood against the colonial government. There was a number of revolts before 1857, but all the revolts were brutally suppressed. There are several reasons behind the Revolt of 1857, which is given below. 1. Political cause : As we know every groups of people were suffered hard by the Britishers. It was the subsidiary alliance and the doctorine of lapse, made Indians to accept the authority of the British. This was the indirect method to spring up the British region without firing a bullet. Our Indian rul...

The most striking features of the Harappan civilization was its town planning. There was an uniformity in the layout of the towns. Almost all measures sites (Harappan, Mohenjodaro, kalibangan and others) are divided into two parts: citadels and the lower parts. The Citadels are situated in the Western parts, small in areas and have high altitudes which protects them from floods and other natural disasters. The Citadels consist of the centre of administration and specific buildings, where as the Lower towns are at the East direction, buildings are made for common people are found. The other important feature of the town planning was its streets. The streets intersect at right angles in a criss-cross pattern. It divides the city in a several residential blocks, the main street is connected with the narrow lanes. The doors of the houses opened in the lanes and not the main streets.  The third and important feature of the town planning is the structure of the houses. Generally,  b...

  Firecrackers are the things used to produce sound that attract human attention, after beating all odds and get success in a life. It helps us to send a strong message of victory over cruelty and bad one's. In India firecrackers are lit on the arrival of Diwali which marks the arrival of lord Rama after spending 14 years on exile. Undoubtedly, we reserve our rights to celebrate this festival in our own way by burning firecrackers because it is a festival of humanity, shows how the lord Rama conquered his fear to win the battle. Now it's time to celebrate this festival with great fervour. Clamping acts on firecrackers and deter in any way to celebrate this festival would be a very wrong decision because it somehow intervening our culture. We common people do hard to earn and spend our joy with family. But in the cities of metropolitan it has been seen that people are not allowed to enjoy with firecrackers, they are asked to celebrate this in schedule time. Why does ...

Recently global multidimensional poverty Index 2022 has been released. There is a downfall of  415 millions poor,  in the year between 2005-06 and 2019-21. What is MPI? MPI is a global multidimensional poverty index. It is released jointly by OPHI and UNDP. It measures over 100 developing Nations, working on three pillars and 10 others parameters.  first: school education and child enrollment  second: health  third:life standards.   conclusion 120 crore people of 610 crore from 111 developing nations are living in multi dimensional poverty. 59 crore children aged less than 18 years. 8.1% poor are above 60 years. The upper African parts have more poor followed by South Asia around 385 million. Performance 41.5 crore Indian people has come out from poverty in between 2005-06 and 2019 21.poverty has reduced to 16.4% in 2019 21 from 55.1% in 2005-06. Poverty reduced very fastly in the states of Goa followed by Jammu and Kashm...

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Mission LIFE from Gujarat. This is a mass movement about changing in lifestyle and sync with the changing of environment. It is a Pro planet mission launched by Modi envisioned people to become trustee of the environment. LIFE stands for Lifestyle for Environment. PM Modi announced about this mission at the COP 26, conference of parties meeting, held in Glasgow, Scotland last year. It is well said that if you want to bring change in the world, it should starts from you. LIFE movement advocates this principle. It is an attempt to change people into Pro-planet people.  It encourages people to approach a sustainable life style at different levels- individual, domestic and community. To develop community solutions with a short prayers. Why is it important?   it's importance can be gauged from the fact that, about 500 billion plastic bags are used every year in the world. Although, the Indian government has completely banned s...

 Recently Ireland and Germany based two European countries released the Global Hunger Index 2022. It ranks India at 107out of 121, and is behind of Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and China.  India termed the data is inaccurate and used flawed methodology. In a firm criticism of the report the government raised concerns over the sourcing of data, and lack of transparency. The report released with an aim to reduce to zero hunger by the year 2030 as per sustainable development goal SDG 2. How to measure? Generally, it has been seen that the lack of foods lead to hunger but formally lack in calories to both men and women in both rural and urban areas are fixed, if a person is failed to get the fixed calorie then it can be said to be hunger. But this report does not work on this line. It follows a different methods. It has fixed it's standards based on four parameters. 1. Malnutrition 2. Child stunting 3. Child Wasting 4. Child death rate. There have been many c...

Recently, Interpol rejected India's request to issue a red corner notice against the khalistani leader Gurupatwant Singh Pannun, a seperatist. Who is Gurupatwant Singh Pannun? He belongs from Amritsar, has completed his graduation in Law from the Punjab University, did master degree in Newyork and MBA degree from Hartford University. He joined khalistani movement and later formed the Sikhs For Justice in America. It is a seperatist organization, aimed to make a separate country named Khalistan , bifurcated from India. Indian government has already banned this group under Unlawful Activity Prevention Law, UAPA. It has a website, advocates the rights of self-decision of Sikhs. And to form a separate country named Khalistan. This demand is completely rejected because it undermine the sovereignty of India. Why India demanded Red corner notice? A notice was issued by NIA in 2021, May. CBI says, Pannun engaged in separatism, terrorism and other unlawful activitie...

  Muzaffarpur is famous for various reasons. Famous for litchi Baba Garib sthan temple. Mazar of muzaffarshah It had been a part of the Vajji Republic. Second most popular City after Patna. Medicine factory Smart City approved.

For any economic development, private sector is important. India has a mixed economy, and made it's economy more flexible in early decade of ninty, it means India allowed liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation (LPG) . Recently Britain based company OneWeb and ISRO's commercial wing NSIL joined hands for a new project. A partnership between OneWeb and NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) is made. The project is to launch 36 Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites in the coming months. LEO satellites are those, which have range less than 1000 km from the Earth surface. What are the objectives of this project? To reduce or minimise the digital divide . You know very well India's soul lies in the villages and the digital presence in the countryside is very lesser. It has uses in both communication and satellite images.  What will be it's effects? First. Bolstering our space economy by launching 36 satellites. Second. Reform in the performance on the wor...

  Here is, you see a very unique way to worship goddess Durga. People who belongs to yoga of different kinds assembled, remembered and revered shiv baba.  Both men and women are of all classes get together, worshipped goddess Durga. Here is no idol of goddess Durga but a kumaris from this organisation is personified as a goddess Durga. People revered with heart and soul. The whole scene was mesmerizing.

PFI in news  It was a mega crackdown of the central agencies with the help of state police on the PFI. PFI stands for popular front of India. The entire plan was under cover under the direction of union Home minister Amit Shah. How this plan was executed? The operation was planned three to four months in advance in consultation with islamic leaders. The meetings with the security agencies were conducted with the same level of confidentiality as was done before the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir. On September 2 , when prime minister Narendra Modi was commissioning the INS Vikrant , his security team led by the National Security Advisor Ajit Doval was chalking out the plan to uproot the entire network of PFI in Kerala. On this day, over 200 officers of the NIA, ED and Anti-terror squads of atleast state police launched a massive crackdown at over 150 locations in more than 15 states and 106 PFI leaders and members were arrested. What are the ideologies of PFI? Earlie...